A insegurança alimentar pela voz de adolescentes participantes do Programa Bolsa Família / Food insecurity through the voice of adolescents participating in the Bolsa Família Program / La inseguridad alimentaria a través de las voces de adolescentes participantes del Programa Bolsa Familia

Resumo O trabalho busca conhecer a percepção de adolescentes, participantes do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), sobre insegurança alimentar (IA). Trata-se de estudo de abordagem qualitativa. O corpus consiste em entrevistas com dez adolescentes e seus responsáveis. Os resultados foram analisados por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Foram estabelecidas quatro categorias de análise: "A fome não é só a vontade de comer"; "O fantasma da fome"; "Um por todos e todos por um"; "Estamos seguros?" De maneira geral, os adolescentes percebem que a quantidade e variedade de alimentos mudam durante o mês e que o acesso a alimentos como frutas e carne é difícil. A preocupação com a possibilidade de o alimento faltar está presente na fala de todos os adolescentes entrevistados e se intensifica entre aqueles que vivenciaram a experiência de fome na infância. Em função disso, os adolescentes desenvolvem estratégias para o alívio da IA, para si mesmos e para suas famílias. No entanto, as responsáveis pelos adolescentes não consideram que seus filhos realmente se preocupam com a possibilidade de faltar alimentos no domicílio. Observou-se que os adolescentes percebem a situação de insegurança alimentar no domicílio e são capazes de responder de forma autônoma sobre essa situação.

Abstract Objective: To understand the perception of adolescents, participants of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF), about Food Insecurity (FI). Methods: This is a study with a qualitative approach. The corpus consists of interviews with 10 adolescents and their caregivers. Results were analyzed using Content Analysis (CA) technique. Results: Four categories were established: "Hunger is not just the desire to eat", "The ghost of hunger", "One for all and all for one", and "Are we safe?". Overall, adolescents perceive the amount and variety of food changes throughout the month and that access to meat and fruits is difficult. The concern with the possibility of running out of food permeates the interviewees' statements and intensifies among those who experienced hunger during childhood. As a result, many statements reveal the strategies developed by adolescents to alleviate FI for themselves and their families. However, statements also points to the fact that caregivers do not consider their children are truly concerned with the possibility of running out of food at home. Conclusion: Adolescents perceive food insecurity in the home and are able to respond autonomously to the situation.

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de las y los adolescentes participantes del Programa Bolsa Familia (PBF) sobre la inseguridad alimentaria (IA). Métodos: Se trata de un estudio con abordaje cualitativo. El corpus consta de entrevistas a diez adolescentes y a sus tutores. Los resultados se analizaron mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido (CA). Resultados: Se establecieron cuatro categorías de análisis: El hambre no es solo el deseo de comer; El fantasma del hambre; Uno para todos y todos para uno, y ¿Estamos a salvo?. En general, las y los adolescentes perciben que la cantidad y la variedad de alimentos cambia durante el mes y que se les dificulta el acceso a carnes y frutas. La preocupación por la posibilidad de quedarse sin alimentos impregna sus declaraciones y se intensifica entre quienes pasaron hambre durante sus infancias. Como resultado, muchas afirmaciones revelan el desarrollo de estrategias para paliar la IA, para ellos y ellas mismas y para sus familias, pero señalan que sus tutores no consideran que sus hijos e hijas estén realmente preocupados por quedarse sin alimentos en el hogar. Conclusión: Los y las adolescentes perciben la situación de IA en el hogar y son capaces de responder de forma autónoma frente a ella.

Validity of a 2-item screening tool to identify families at risk for food insecurity in Brazil.

This manuscript aimed to develop a brief 2-item screening tool to identify Brazilian households that include families with children at risk for food insecurity. Psychometric analyses including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, accuracy, and ROC curves were used to test combinations of questions to determine the most effective screener to assess households at risk for food insecurity when compared to a gold standard scale. Participants included Brazilian National Survey of Demography and Health on Women and Children (PNDS) surveyed households with a valid Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) response. The sample included 3,920 households representing 11,779,686 households when expanded using PNDS sample weights. With overall prevalence of food insecurity at 21%, a Brazilian 2-item food-insecurity screen showed sensitivity of 79.31%, specificity of 92.95%, positive predictive value of 74.62%, negative predictive value of 94.5% and ROC area 86.13%. This screen also presented high convergent validity for children's nutrition and health variables when compared with the gold standard, the EBIA full scale. Based on its ability to detect households at risk for food insecurity, a 2-item screening tool is recommended for widespread adoption as a screening measure throughout Brazil, especially when rapid decision-making has been made fundamental, as under the COVID-19 pandemic. This screener can enable providers to accurately identify families at risk for food insecurity and promptly intervene to prevent or ameliorate adverse health and developmental consequences associated with food insecurity and swiftly respond to crises.

Validity of a 2-item screening tool to identify families at risk for food insecurity in Brazil / Validade de um instrumento de triagem com dois itens para identificar famílias em risco de insegurança alimentar no Brasil / Validez de un instrumento de 2-ítems para identificar a familias en riesgo de inseguridad alimentaria en Brasil

This manuscript aimed to develop a brief 2-item screening tool to identify Brazilian households that include families with children at risk for food insecurity. Psychometric analyses including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, accuracy, and ROC curves were used to test combinations of questions to determine the most effective screener to assess households at risk for food insecurity when compared to a gold standard scale. Participants included Brazilian National Survey of Demography and Health on Women and Children (PNDS) surveyed households with a valid Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) response. The sample included 3,920 households representing 11,779,686 households when expanded using PNDS sample weights. With overall prevalence of food insecurity at 21%, a Brazilian 2-item food-insecurity screen showed sensitivity of 79.31%, specificity of 92.95%, positive predictive value of 74.62%, negative predictive value of 94.5% and ROC area 86.13%. This screen also presented high convergent validity for children's nutrition and health variables when compared with the gold standard, the EBIA full scale. Based on its ability to detect households at risk for food insecurity, a 2-item screening tool is recommended for widespread adoption as a screening measure throughout Brazil, especially when rapid decision-making has been made fundamental, as under the COVID-19 pandemic. This screener can enable providers to accurately identify families at risk for food insecurity and promptly intervene to prevent or ameliorate adverse health and developmental consequences associated with food insecurity and swiftly respond to crises.

O estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um instrumento de triagem breve com dois itens para identificar famílias brasileiras com filhos em risco de insegurança alimentar. Foram utilizadas análises psicométricas, inclusive sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo, acurácia e curvas ROC, para testar as combinações de perguntas e determinar o instrumento mais eficaz para avaliar as famílias com risco de insegurança alimentar, comparado a uma escala padrão-ouro. Os participantes pertenciam aos domicílios da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher (PNDS), usando a resposta à Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA). A amostra incluiu 3.920 domicílios, representando 11.779.686 domicílios quando expandida com os pesos amostrais da PNDS. Com uma prevalência geral de insegurança alimentar de 21%, o instrumento brasileiro de dois itens para avaliação de insegurança alimentar mostrou sensibilidade 79,31%, especificidade 92,95%, valor preditivo positivo 74,62%, valor preditivo negativo 94,5% e área ROC 86,13%. O instrumento também apresentou validade convergente alta para as variáveis de nutrição e saúde das crianças, comparado ao padrão-ouro, a EBIA completa. Com base na capacidade de detectar domicílios com risco de insegurança alimentar, esse instrumento de triagem com dois itens é recomendado para adoção geral, enquanto medida de triagem em todo o Brasil, sobretudo durante a pandemia da COVID-19, quando as decisões rápidas são fundamentais. O instrumento pode permitir que os profissionais identifiquem com precisão as famílias em risco de insegurança alimentar e intervenham prontamente para prevenir ou mitigar as consequências adversas para a saúde e o desenvolvimento, associadas à insegurança alimentar, respondendo rapidamente às crises.

Este trabajo tuvo el objetivo de desarrollar un instrumento breve de 2 ítems para identificar a los hogares brasileños que incluyen a familias con niños en riesgo de inseguridad alimentaria. Los análisis psicométricos incluyendo sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo, precisión, y curvas ROC fueron usados para probar combinaciones de preguntas, con el fin de determinar el instrumento más efectivo para evaluar hogares en riesgo de inseguridad alimentaria, cuando se compararon con una escala de estándar de oro. Los participantes incluyeron a los hogares encuestados de la Encuesta Nacional Demográfica sobre la Salud de Mujeres y Niños (PNDS) con una respuesta válida en la Escala de Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria (EBIA). La muestra incluyó 3.920 hogares, representando 11.779.686 hogares, cuando se amplió usando las ponderaciones de la muestra del PNDS. Con la prevalencia general de la inseguridad alimentaria a un 21%, el instrumento de 2 ítems brasileño sobre inseguridad alimentaria mostró una sensibilidad de un 79,31%, especificidad de un 92,95%, un valor predictivo positivo de 74,62%, un valor negativo predictivo de un 94,50% y un área ROC de 86,13%. Este instrumento también presentó una validez convergente alta para la nutrición de los niños y variables de salud, cuando se comparó la escala completa EBIA, el estándar de oro. Basada en su habilidad para detectar hogares en riesgo por inseguridad alimentaria, la herramienta de instrumento de 2 ítems está recomendada para su amplia adopción, como medida de cribado en todo Brasil, especialmente cuando la toma de decisiones rápidas se ha hecho fundamental, como ante la pandemia de COVID-19. Este método de cribado puede permitir a los proveedores de cuidados identificar con precisión a las familias en riesgo de inseguridad alimentaria e intervenir prontamente para prevenir o mejorar salud adversa y las consecuencias en el desarrollo, relacionadas con la inseguridad alimentaria, así como responder con prontitud a las crisis.

[Primary Health Care-Sensitive Hospitalizations in children under one year of age, from 2008 to 2014, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil]. / Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária de Menores de um ano, de 2008 a 2014, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil.

The scope of this article is to describe the trends of primary health care-sensitive (PHC) hospitalizations in children under one year of age between 2008 and 2014 in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. It is an ecological study with descriptive and analytical characteristics, based on secondary data from the national health information system. Hospitalizations were classified according to the Brazilian list of PHC hospitalizations considering the Early Neonatal, Late Neonatal and Post-Neonatal age groups. Linear regression models were adjusted for trend analysis of the 851,713 hospitalizations of children under one year of age analyzed, of which 22.6% were PHC-related. The main groups with decreases were: Bacterial pneumonia (-7.10%) and Nutritional disorders (-7.70%) in the Early neonatal phase. The main increases were: Disease related to prenatal/childbirth (+10.14%) and Immunosuppressive diseases and avoidable conditions in Post-neonatal (+14.13%) infants, among which pertussis and congenital syphilis were the main causes of hospitalization. The results showed a deficiency in the primary health care system for infants in the State of Sao Paulo. The estimated trends should be used for planning cost-effective strategies to prevent and control causes of hospitalization in children under one year of age.

Este estudo teve o objetivo de descrever as causas e as tendências de Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) em menores de um ano, entre 2008 e 2014, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Trata-se de um delineamento ecológico, baseado em dados secundários do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares. Classificaram-se as internações segundo o diagnóstico principal e a Lista Brasileira de ICSAP, considerando as seguintes faixas etárias: Neonatais precoce, Neonatal tardia e Pós-neonatal. Para a análise de tendência das internações foram ajustados modelos de regressão linear. Ocorreram 851.713 internações de Menores de um ano, sendo 22,6% por ICSAP. As principais reduções das frequências de internação foram: Pneumonias bacterianas (-7,10%) e Desvios nutricionais (-7,70) em Neonatal precoce. As elevações foram: Doenças relacionadas ao pré-natal e parto (+10,14%) e Doenças imunizáveis e condições evitáveis em Pós-neonatal (+14,13%), com destaque para coqueluche e sífilis congênita. Os resultados mostram uma deficiência no cuidado à saúde infantil na atenção primária no estado de São Paulo, enquanto que as tendências de internações estimadas podem auxiliar no planejamento de estratégias para diminuir os agravos e os gastos no setor terciário de atenção em saúde.

Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária de Menores de um ano, de 2008 a 2014, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Primary Health Care-Sensitive Hospitalizations in children under one year of age, from 2008 to 2014, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Resumo Este estudo teve o objetivo de descrever as causas e as tendências de Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) em menores de um ano, entre 2008 e 2014, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Trata-se de um delineamento ecológico, baseado em dados secundários do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares. Classificaram-se as internações segundo o diagnóstico principal e a Lista Brasileira de ICSAP, considerando as seguintes faixas etárias: Neonatais precoce, Neonatal tardia e Pós-neonatal. Para a análise de tendência das internações foram ajustados modelos de regressão linear. Ocorreram 851.713 internações de Menores de um ano, sendo 22,6% por ICSAP. As principais reduções das frequências de internação foram: Pneumonias bacterianas (-7,10%) e Desvios nutricionais (-7,70) em Neonatal precoce. As elevações foram: Doenças relacionadas ao pré-natal e parto (+10,14%) e Doenças imunizáveis e condições evitáveis em Pós-neonatal (+14,13%), com destaque para coqueluche e sífilis congênita. Os resultados mostram uma deficiência no cuidado à saúde infantil na atenção primária no estado de São Paulo, enquanto que as tendências de internações estimadas podem auxiliar no planejamento de estratégias para diminuir os agravos e os gastos no setor terciário de atenção em saúde.

Abstract The scope of this article is to describe the trends of primary health care-sensitive (PHC) hospitalizations in children under one year of age between 2008 and 2014 in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. It is an ecological study with descriptive and analytical characteristics, based on secondary data from the national health information system. Hospitalizations were classified according to the Brazilian list of PHC hospitalizations considering the Early Neonatal, Late Neonatal and Post-Neonatal age groups. Linear regression models were adjusted for trend analysis of the 851,713 hospitalizations of children under one year of age analyzed, of which 22.6% were PHC-related. The main groups with decreases were: Bacterial pneumonia (-7.10%) and Nutritional disorders (-7.70%) in the Early neonatal phase. The main increases were: Disease related to prenatal/childbirth (+10.14%) and Immunosuppressive diseases and avoidable conditions in Post-neonatal (+14.13%) infants, among which pertussis and congenital syphilis were the main causes of hospitalization. The results showed a deficiency in the primary health care system for infants in the State of Sao Paulo. The estimated trends should be used for planning cost-effective strategies to prevent and control causes of hospitalization in children under one year of age.

Parents Matter: Associations of Parental BMI and Feeding Behaviors With Child BMI in Brazilian Preschool and School-Aged Children.

Background: Brazil is undergoing nutritional transition and rates of obesity in preschool and school-aged children are increasing. Excess weight in the first years of life could predict excess weight in adulthood, making it essential to study risk factors in this population. Objective: Our goal was to investigate associations of parent feeding behaviors, as well as more distal familial influences including family SES and maternal and paternal weight, with BMI z-score in preschool and school-aged children in a Brazilian sample. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Data were collected in 14 Brazilian private schools. Parents of children aged 2-8 years (n = 1,071) completed a questionnaire assessing parent feeding behaviors, as well as sociodemographic and anthropometric information. Hierarchical linear regression models were fitted to investigate relationships between parent and child characteristics and child BMI z-score in preschool (2-5 years, n = 397) and school-aged (6-8 years, n = 618) children. Results: Final models indicated that higher maternal BMI and "restriction for weight control" were associated with higher child BMI z-score in both age groups (excessive weight, i.e., BMI ≥ +1 z-score, in preschoolers and school-aged children: 24.4 and 35.9%, respectively). In preschoolers only, "healthy eating guidance" and "pressure" were associated with lower child BMI z-score. For school-aged children, male sex, higher father BMI, and "restriction for health" were associated with higher child BMI z-score. Conclusions: Parent feeding behaviors and parent weight, as well as child sex, are associated with child BMI z-score, with evidence for differential relationships in preschool and school-aged children. Optimal obesity prevention and treatment strategies may differ by child age.

Sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioural risk factors for ultra-processed food consumption in a sample of 2-9-year-olds in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to identify food patterns among 2-9-year-olds and investigate sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioural predictors of less healthy dietary patterns. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Parents of 2-9-year-olds completed an FFQ and factor analysis was applied to identify dietary patterns. Parents also completed questionnaires assessing sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioural characteristics of parents and children, including parental feeding practices. SETTING: Participants were recruited from private schools of Campinas and São Paulo, SP, Brazil, between April and June 2014. SUBJECTS: Parents of 2-9-year-olds (n 929). RESULTS: Two dietary patterns emerged: 'traditional food' and 'ultra-processed food'. Lower maternal education (OR=2·05, P=0·010) and higher maternal weight status (OR=1·43, P=0·044) were associated with a greater likelihood of the ultra-processed food pattern. Lower perceived parental responsibility for adequacy of food group intake (OR=2·41, P=0·020), and lower scores on the parental feeding practices of 'Healthy Eating Guidance' (OR=1·83, P<0·001) and 'Monitoring' (OR=2·52, P<0·001), were also associated with the presence of this pattern, as was higher child's screen use during mealtimes (OR=1·61, P=0·004). CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first to evaluate associations between less healthy dietary patterns of Brazilian 2-9-year-olds and parental feeding practices. Our findings highlight sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioural factors within families that could be used to target tailored policies to at-risk populations.

Challenges in the management of nutritional disorders and communicable diseases in child day care centers: a quantitative and qualitative approach.

In Brazil, although many children from low income families attend day care centers with appropriate hygiene practices and food programs, they have nutritional disorders and communicable diseases. This quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional study identified staff challenges in child day care centers and suggested alternative activity management to prevent nutritional disorders and communicable diseases. The study included 71 nursery teachers and 270 children from public and philanthropic day care centers (teacher to child ratios of 1:2.57 and 1:6.40, respectively). Interviews and focus groups were conducted with teachers and parents, and anthropometry and blood samples were drawn from the children by digital puncture. Children in philanthropic child day care centers were more likely to be hospitalized due to communicable diseases. Teachers from philanthropic child day care centers had lower age, income and education and higher work responsibilities based on the number of children and working time. The focus groups characterized institutions with organized routines, standard food practices, difficulties with caretaking, and lack of training to provide healthcare to children. Strategies to improve children's health in day care settings should focus on training of teachers about healthcare and nutrition.

Preditores da introdução de alimentos industrializados na infância: estudo em creches públicas / Predictors of introduction of industrialized foods in childhood: study in public child day care centers

O aleitamento materno exclusivo até o sexto mês, assim como a alimentação complementar adequada, são práticas importantes para o bom desenvolvimento infantil e contribuem para a formação de hábitos alimentares saudáveis.Diante desse contexto e reconhecendo a importância de práticas alimentares adequadas nos primeiros anos de vida,destaca-se que o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a idade de introdução de alimentos industrializados na dieta de 575 crianças de 4 a 38 meses, frequentadoras de berçários de creches públicas de São Paulo, bem como quantificar eventuais mudanças temporais e fatores de risco da introdução precoce destes alimentos. O estudo foi baseado em duas observações transversais, realizadas em 2007 e 2010, e posterior análise de Clusters para agrupar a amostra em dois grupos, além de análise de regressão logística. No modelo logístico final, o ano de coleta de dados (2007),o menor tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo e a menor escolaridade materna foram identificadas como riscos independentes e significantes para a introdução precoce dos alimentos industrializados. Diante dos resultados, faz se necessário a capacitação de mães/educadores em alimentação infantil, reforçando os benefícios do aleitamento materno e os malefícios da introdução precoce dos industrializados, principalmente no grupo de mães com menor escolaridade

Exclusive breastfeeding by the sixth month, as well as adequate complementary feeding, are important practices forhuman development and contribute to the formation of healthy eating habits. In this context, and recognizing theimportance of appropriate food practices in the first years of life, the objective of the present study was: to evaluatethe age at which processed food was introduced in the diet of 575 children aged 4 to 38 months, attending the nurseries of public child daycare centers in São Paulo, and to quantify possible temporal changes and risk factorsof premature introduction of these food types. The study was based on two cross-sectional observations, performedin 2007 and 2010, and later Cluster analysis was performed to divide the sample in two groups. A multiple logistic regression analysis was also performed. In the final logistic model, the data collection year (2007), the shorter durationof exclusive breastfeeding, and less maternal education were identified as independent and significant risks to prematureintroduction of processed food. In view of the results, it is necessary to prepare mothers/ educators to manage infantfeeding, reinforcing the benefits of breastfeeding and the disadvantages of the premature introduction of industrialized foods, mainly concerning the mothers' group with lower education levels

Correlation between hemoglobin levels of mothers and children on exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life / Correlação entre níveis de hemoglobina de mães e filhos em aleitamento materno exclusivo no primeiro semestre de vida

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the correlation between hemoglobin levels of mothers and their children on exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 221 binomials (mother-child) enrolled in a breastfeeding support program, who were stratified into six groups according to the children's age group. The sample consisted of children born at term with normal weight, with no neonatal complications and whose mothers did not have anemia or infectious disease at the time of data collection. Interviews were carried out with the mothers, blood was collected by peripheral venipuncture from mothers and children, and children's anthropometric data were assessed. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the hemoglobin levels of mothers and children were calculated. Six multiple linear regression models were adjusted with regression coefficient estimates, considering as statistically significant associations with p ≤ 0.05. Results: The correlation coefficients of hemoglobin levels of mothers and children ranged from 0.253, at three months, to 0.601, at five months. The hemoglobin level of mothers was correlated with the hemoglobin level of their children at four months (r = 0.578) and at five months (r = 0.601). In the adjusted multiple linear regression, the regression coefficients were higher at four months (β = 1.134; p = 0.002) and at five months (β = 0.845; p < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings allow for the conclusion that there is a correlation between the hemoglobin of mothers and the hemoglobin of their children on exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a correlação entre os níveis de hemoglobina de mães e de seus filhos em aleitamento materno exclusivo, no primeiro semestre de vida. Métodos Estudo transversal com 221 binômios (mãe-filho) matriculados em programa de incentivo ao aleitamento materno, estratificados em seis grupos de acordo com a faixa etária das crianças. A amostra consistiu de crianças nascidas a termo, com peso normal, sem intercorrências neonatais e cujas mães não apresentavam doença infecciosa e anemia na época da coleta de dados. Foram feitas entrevistas com as mães, coleta de sangue por punção de veia periférica das mães e das crianças e antropometria das crianças. Foram calculados os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson entre os níveis de hemoglobina das mães e das crianças. Foram ajustados seis modelos de regressão linear múltiplos com estimativas de coeficientes de regressão, consideraram-se estatisticamente significantes associações com p ≤ 0,05. Resultados Os coeficientes de correlação dos níveis de hemoglobina das mães e das crianças variaram entre 0,253, aos três meses, e 0,601, aos cinco meses. O nível de hemoglobina das mães esteve mais correlacionado com o das crianças aos quatro meses (r = 0,578) e aos cinco meses (r = 0,601). Na regressão linear múltipla ajustada, os coeficientes de regressão foram maiores aos quatro meses (β = 1,134; p = 0,002) e aos cinco meses (β = 0,845; p < 0,001). Conclusão Esses achados permitem concluir que há correlação entre a hemoglobina de mães e a hemoglobina de seus filhos em aleitamento materno exclusivo no primeiro semestre de vida.

Secular trends in infant mortality by age-group and avoidable components in the State of São Paulo, 1996-2012 / Tendência secular da mortalidade infantil, componentes etários e evitabilidade no Estado de São Paulo - 1996 a 2012

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends and composition of infant mortality rate in the State of São Paulo, from 1996 to 2012. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted, based on official secondary data of births and infant deaths of residents in São Paulo, from 1996 to 2012. The infant mortality rate was calculated by the direct method and was analyzed by graphs and polynomial regression models for age groups (early neonatal, late neonatal and post-neonatal) and for groups of avoidable causes of death. RESULTS: The mortality rate in the State of São Paulo tended to fall, ranging from 22.5 to 11.5 per thousand live births. Half of the infant deaths occurred in the early neonatal group. The proportion of avoidable infant deaths varied from 76.0 to 68.7%. The deaths which were avoidable by adequate attention to women during pregnancy and childbirth and newborn care accounted for 54% of infant deaths throughout the period. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate levels are still far from those in developed countries, which highlight the need to prioritize access and quality of healthcare services during pregnancy, childbirth and newborn care, especially in the first week of life, aiming at achieving standards of infant mortality similar to those of developed societies.

OBJETIVO: Conhecer a tendência e a composição da taxa de mortalidade infantil no Estado de São Paulo de 1996 a 2012. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico, baseado em dados secundários oficiais de nascimentos e óbitos infantis de residentes no Estado de São Paulo, de 1996 a 2012. A taxa de mortalidade infantil, calculada pelo método direto, foi analisada por meio de gráficos e modelos de regressão polinomial para os grupos etários (neonatal precoce, tardio e pós-neonatal) e para grupos de causas evitáveis de óbito. RESULTADOS: A taxa de mortalidade infantil no Estado de São Paulo apresentou tendência de queda, variou de 22,5 a 11,5 por mil nascidos vivos. Metade dos óbitos infantis ocorreu no grupo etário neonatal precoce. A proporção de óbitos infantis evitáveis variou de 76,0% a 68,7%. As causas reduzíveis por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação e parto e ao recém-nascido representaram 54% dos óbitos infantis em todo o período. CONCLUSÕES: Os níveis da taxa de mortalidade infantil ainda estão distantes dos observados em países desenvolvidos, o que evidencia a necessidade de priorizar o acesso e a qualidade dos serviços assistenciais durante a gravidez, o parto e o período neonatal, principalmente na primeira semana de vida, para atingir padrões de mortalidade infantil próximos aos de sociedades desenvolvidas.

Validation of the comprehensive feeding practices questionnaire in parents of preschool children in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Recent national surveys in Brazil have demonstrated a decrease in the consumption of traditional food and a parallel increase in the consumption of ultra-processed food, which has contributed to a rise in obesity prevalence in all age groups. Environmental factors, especially familial factors, have a strong influence on the food intake of preschool children, and this has led to the development of psychometric scales to measure parents' feeding practices. The aim of this study was to test the validity of a translated and adapted Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire in a sample of Brazilian preschool-aged children enrolled in private schools. METHODS: A transcultural adaptation process was performed in order to develop a modified questionnaire (43 items). After piloting, the questionnaire was sent to parents, along with additional questions about family characteristics. Test-retest reliability was assessed in one of the schools. Factor analysis with oblique rotation was performed. Internal reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha and correlations between factors, discriminant validity using marker variables of child's food intake, and convergent validity via correlations with parental perceptions of perceived responsibility for feeding and concern about the child's weight were also performed. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 402 preschool children. Factor analysis resulted in a final questionnaire of 43 items distributed over 6 factors. Cronbach alpha values were adequate (0.74 to 0.88), between-factor correlations were low, and discriminant validity and convergent validity were acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: The modified CFPQ demonstrated significant internal reliability in this urban Brazilian sample. Scale validation within different cultures is essential for a more comprehensive understanding of parental feeding practices for preschoolers.

Correlation between hemoglobin levels of mothers and children on exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between hemoglobin levels of mothers and their children on exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 221 binomials (mother-child) enrolled in a breastfeeding support program, who were stratified into six groups according to the children's age group. The sample consisted of children born at term with normal weight, with no neonatal complications and whose mothers did not have anemia or infectious disease at the time of data collection. Interviews were carried out with the mothers, blood was collected by peripheral venipuncture from mothers and children, and children's anthropometric data were assessed. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the hemoglobin levels of mothers and children were calculated. Six multiple linear regression models were adjusted with regression coefficient estimates, considering as statistically significant associations with p≤0.05. RESULTS: The correlation coefficients of hemoglobin levels of mothers and children ranged from 0.253, at three months, to 0.601, at five months. The hemoglobin level of mothers was correlated with the hemoglobin level of their children at four months (r=0.578) and at five months (r=0.601). In the adjusted multiple linear regression, the regression coefficients were higher at four months (ß=1.134; p=0.002) and at five months (ß=0.845; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings allow for the conclusion that there is a correlation between the hemoglobin of mothers and the hemoglobin of their children on exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life.

Secular trends in infant mortality by age-group and avoidable components in the State of São Paulo, 1996-2012. / Tendência secular da mortalidade infantil, componentes etários e evitabilidade no Estado de São Paulo - 1996 a 2012.

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends and composition of infant mortality rate in the State of São Paulo, from 1996 to 2012. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted, based on official secondary data of births and infant deaths of residents in São Paulo, from 1996 to 2012. The infant mortality rate was calculated by the direct method and was analyzed by graphs and polynomial regression models for age groups (early neonatal, late neonatal and post-neonatal) and for groups of avoidable causes of death. RESULTS: The mortality rate in the State of São Paulo tended to fall, ranging from 22.5 to 11.5 per thousand live births. Half of the infant deaths occurred in the early neonatal group. The proportion of avoidable infant deaths varied from 76.0 to 68.7%. The deaths which were avoidable by adequate attention to women during pregnancy and childbirth and newborn care accounted for 54% of infant deaths throughout the period. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate levels are still far from those in developed countries, which highlight the need to prioritize access and quality of healthcare services during pregnancy, childbirth and newborn care, especially in the first week of life, aiming at achieving standards of infant mortality similar to those of developed societies.

Effect of an Educational Program on Schoolchildren's Energy Expenditure during Physical Education Classes / Efeito de um programa de educação no gasto energético de escolares durante as aulas de educação física

OBJECTIVE: Physical activity is a means of prevention of noncommunicable diseases. The level of physical activity of children is decreasing in Brazil, and this can increase the risks of diseases associated with sedentary lifestyles and obesity. METHOD: This is a school-based randomized controlled trial which evaluated the impact of an educational intervention on children's physical activity level, energy expenditure, and teacher's behavior during physical education classes at public schools in São Paulo. The studied population comprised children attending the 1st and the 2nd grades of eight schools (three exposed and five unexposed to teacher training on a course in nutrition and physical activity). Outcomes were measured by direct observation, recorded by a VHS camera during physical education classes; data from 78 physical education classes were analyzed by the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time - SOFIT. RESULTS: After intervention, results showed highly significant increases in children's physical activity level (walking, p < 0.001; vigorous activities (p < 0.001), and a decrease in the standing category (p < 0.001). It also showed a nonsignificant increase in mean energy expenditure of children (70.6% = 27.6Kcal), but the interaction's effect of group and time (intervention) was highly significant (32.4Kcal; 95%CI 24.7 - 40.1, p < 0.001) indicating the intervention effectiveness in increasing the energy expenditure of children during Physical Education classes. It also showed an increase in length of physical education classes (26.2 to 32.1 minutes (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: There was a change in teachers' behavior with a positive impact on children's physical activity level and energy expenditure after the educational intervention.

OBJETIVO: A prática de atividade física é uma forma de prevenção de doenças não transmissíveis. O nível de atividade física das crianças tem diminuído no Brasil, fato que pode contribuir para o aumento do risco de doenças associadas com o sedentarismo e a obesidade. MÉTODO: Este é um ensaio educacional randomizado controlado que avaliou o impacto de uma intervenção educacional para professores no nível de atividade física e no gasto energético das crianças, e no comportamento do professor durante as aulas de educação física em escolas públicas de São Paulo. A população estudada compreendeu crianças de 1ᵃ e 2ᵃ series de oito escolas (três expostas e cinco não-expostas ao treinamento de professores em nutrição e atividade física). Os resultados foram medidos por observação direta e gravados por uma câmera VHS durante as aulas de educação física. Dados de 78 aulas de educação física foram analisados segundo o System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time - SOFIT. RESULTADOS: Após intervenção, os resultados mostraram aumentos significantes no nível de atividade física das crianças (caminhada, p < 0.001; atividades vigorosas (p < 0.001), e diminuição na categoria na qual a criança permanecia em pé (p < 0.001)). No entanto, os resultados mostraram um aumento não-significante na média do gasto energético pelas crianças (70.6% = 27.6Kcal), porém a interação do grupo e do tempo (intervenção) foi altamente significante (32.4Kcal; 95% CI 24.7; 40.1, p < 0.0001) indicando a efetividade da intervenção em aumentar o gasto energético das crianças durante a aulade educação física. Os resultados mostraram também um aumento na duração da aula de educação física (26.2 para 32.1 minutos (p = 0.01). CONCLUSÃO: Houve diferença no comportamento dos professores com um impacto positivo no nível de atividade física e no gasto energético das crianças após a intervenção educacional.

Validation of the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire among Brazilian Families of School-Aged Children.

INTRODUCTION: Children's eating behaviors are influenced by parents, who are the first nutritional educators. The comprehensive feeding practices questionnaire (CFPQ) was developed to measure feeding practices among parents, but has not yet been validated in Brazil, where child obesity rates are steeply increasing. The aim of the study was to test the validity of the CFPQ among Brazilian parents of school-aged children and propose a new version of the instrument. METHODS: Transcultural adaptation included translation into Portuguese, back translation, content validity, testing for semantic equivalence, and piloting. Questionnaire data were obtained for 659 parents of 5- to 9-year olds. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses and psychometric analyses (tests for internal consistency, factor correlations, item-discriminant and convergent validity, and test-retest reliability) were conducted. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a poor fit of the data to the original 12-factor model. Exploratory factor analysis generated a 6-factor model composed of 42 items: healthy eating guidance, monitoring, restriction for weight control, restriction for health, emotion regulation/food as reward, and pressure. This factor solution was supported by internal consistency tests (α = 0.71-0.91) and factor correlations (ρ = -0.16 to 0.32). Item-discriminant and convergent validity tests showed that parents who used coercive practices had more overweight children and were more concerned about their child's weight (ρ = 0.09-0.40). Test-retest reliability was acceptable (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.45-0.77). CONCLUSION: Since parental practices are highly culturally and age group sensitive, it is essential to conduct careful evaluations of questionnaires when introduced into specific age groups within new cultural settings. This modified six-factor model of the CFPQ is valid to measure parental feeding behaviors of school-aged children in urban Brazilian settings.

Ultra-processed foods: Consumption among children at day-care centers and their classification according to Traffic Light Labelling system / Alimentos ultra-processados: consumo entre crianças em creches públicas e análise da composição nutricional segundo a ferramenta "Traffic Light Labelling"

Objective: To identify the age at which ultra-processed foods are introduced in the diet of infants enrolled in public daycare centers and analyze these foods' nutritional composition according to the Traffic Light Labelling system adapted to the Brazilian norms and recommendations.Methods: Cross-sectional study including 636 nursery age children attending day care centers. Their mothers were interviewed about the age of introduction of instant noodles, snack chips, encased meat, chocolate, ice cream, and stuffed cookies. The proximate composition of these foods was evaluated according to the Traffic Light Labelling adapted to the Brazilian norms and recommendations, which classifies total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, fiber, and sodium amounts as green, yellow, or red indicators.Results: It was found that before 12 months of age 70.6% of children had consumed instant noodles, 65.9% snack chips, 54.7% encased meat, 67.1% chocolate, 36.9% ice cream, and 68.7% stuffed cookies. In addition, all foods were classified as red for saturated fat and sodium and 50.0% were classified as red for total fat.Conclusion: The introduction of ultra-processed foods in the children's diets occurred early, but it is worth mentioning that such foods have an inadequate nutritional composition, contributing to the excess consumption of total fat, saturated fat, and sodium, as well as low fiber.

Objetivo: Identificar a idade de introdução de alimentos ultra-processados na alimentação de lactentes matriculados em creches públicas e analisar suas composições nutricionais segundo a ferramenta de classificação nutricional Traffic Light Labelling, adaptada às normas e recomendações brasileiras.Métodos: Estudo transversal com 636 crianças de berçários de creches, cujas mães foram entrevistadas sobre idade de introdução de macarrão instantâneo, salgadinhos, embutidos, chocolate, sorvete e bolacha recheada. Avaliaram-se as composições centesimais desses alimentos comparando-as com a ferramenta Traffic Light Labelling, adaptada às normas e recomendações brasileiras. Esta ferramenta classifica as quantidades de gordura total, gordura saturada, gordura trans, fibra e sódio em verde, amarelo ou vermelho.Resultados: Verificou-se que, antes dos 12 meses de idade, 70,6% das crianças haviam consumido macarrão instantâneo, 65,9% salgadinhos, 54,7% embutidos, 67,1% chocolate, 36,9% sorvete e 68,7% bolacha recheada. Em adição, todos os alimentos foram classificados como vermelho para gordura saturada e sódio, e 50,0% obteve classificação vermelha para gordura total.Conclusão: A introdução dos alimentos ultra-processados ocorreu precocemente na dieta das crianças, ressaltando que os mesmos apresentaram composição nutricional inadequada, fornecendo excesso de gordura total, gordura saturada, sódio e baixa quantidade de fibras.

[The inclusion of nutritionists in Primary Health Care: a proposal for a matrix model of nutritional care]. / A inserção do nutricionista na Atenção Básica: uma proposta para o matriciamento da atenção nutricional.

Nutritionists were integrated into the Family Health Support Centers back in 2008. Focusing on the development of technical and pedagogical support and assistance to Family Health Teams, the aim of this study was to develop a proposal for a matrix model for nutrition aimed at women and children in the Family Health Strategy. The study was conducted in a Basic Health Unit and was divided into Cycle I, including interviews with families of 0 to 6-year-old children to establish the confines of the territory; and Cycles II and III, with the development of intersectorial field activities to promote food and nutritional security based on matrix support. Following the diagnosis of social vulnerability, children's nutritional risk, indicators of early weaning and inadequate food intake, actions were developed in order to propose a matrix model of nutritional measures in three scenarios, namely at the community, family and individual level. Among the activities that were developed, the main ones included cooking classes, prenatal care, and the training of Community Health Agents. This study tested ways to develop nutritional care by broadened clinical action and territory recognition, seeking to enhance the activities of nutritionists as health educators.

A inserção do nutricionista na Atenção Básica: uma proposta para o matriciamento da atenção nutricional / The inclusion of nutritionists in Primary Health Care: a proposal for a matrix model of nutritional care

ResumoEm 2008 houve a integração do nutricionista nos Núcleos de Apoio à Saúde da Família. Com foco no desenvolvimento de apoio assistencial e técnico-pedagógico às Equipes de Saúde da Família, o objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver uma proposta de ações matriciais de nutrição dirigidas à mulher e à criança na Estratégia de Saúde da Família. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde e dividido em Ciclo I, a partir das entrevistas com famílias de crianças de 0 a 6 anos para compor o reconhecimento do território; e Ciclos II e III, a partir do desenvolvimento de atividades intersetoriais de campo para promover a segurança alimentar e nutricional com base no apoio matricial. Com o diagnóstico de vulnerabilidade social, risco nutricional das crianças, indicadores de desmame precoce e consumo alimentar inadequado, foram desenvolvidas ações com o objetivo de propor um modelo matricial de ações de nutrição em três cenários: comunidade, família e indivíduo. Dentre as atividades desenvolvidas destacam-se oficinas culinárias, atenção ao pré-natal e capacitação de agentes comunitários de saúde. Este trabalho testou formas de desenvolver assistência nutricional a partir da clínica ampliada e reconhecimento do território, visando aprimorar a atuação do nutricionista como educador em saúde.

AbstractNutritionists were integrated into the Family Health Support Centers back in 2008. Focusing on the development of technical and pedagogical support and assistance to Family Health Teams, the aim of this study was to develop a proposal for a matrix model for nutrition aimed at women and children in the Family Health Strategy. The study was conducted in a Basic Health Unit and was divided into Cycle I, including interviews with families of 0 to 6-year-old children to establish the confines of the territory; and Cycles II and III, with the development of intersectorial field activities to promote food and nutritional security based on matrix support. Following the diagnosis of social vulnerability, children's nutritional risk, indicators of early weaning and inadequate food intake, actions were developed in order to propose a matrix model of nutritional measures in three scenarios, namely at the community, family and individual level. Among the activities that were developed, the main ones included cooking classes, prenatal care, and the training of Community Health Agents. This study tested ways to develop nutritional care by broadened clinical action and territory recognition, seeking to enhance the activities of nutritionists as health educators.

Fatores associados ao consumo de bebidas açucaradas entre pré-escolares brasileiros: inquérito nacional de 2006 / Factors associated with the consumption of soft drinks among Brazilian preschool children: national survey of 2006

Resumo O crescente consumo de bebidas açucaradas como os refrigerantes ou sucos artificiais está associado à prevalência de obesidade no Brasil e no mundo. Este estudo se propõe a conhecer a frequência de consumo destas bebidas entre crianças brasileiras de 24 a 59 meses e investigar associações com variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e nutricionais. Utilizando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher − 2006, o padrão alimentar foi obtido com o questionário de frequência de alimentos e bebidas nos sete dias anteriores à data da entrevista e a antropometria usou medidas de peso e de estatura das crianças. Entre os pré-escolares, 37,3% consumiram refrigerantes e sucos artificiais 4 dias ou mais por semana. Os fatores que apresentaram associação estatisticamente significante com consumo frequente de BA foram residir em regiões de maior desenvolvimento econômico do país, em áreas urbanas, pertencer ao estrato de maior poder aquisitivo, mães que assistiam TV regularmente e excesso de peso da criança, estavam associados ao consumo de refrigerantes e sucos artificiais em 4 ou mais dias por semana. Novos estudos são necessários para a compreensão da real contribuição das bebidas açucaradas na epidemia de obesidade infantil.

Abstract The rising consumption of sweetened beverages such as soft drinks or artificial juices is associated with the prevalence of obesity in Brazil and around the world. This study seeks to verify the frequency of consumption of these beverages among Brazilian children aged 24-59 months and to investigate the association of soft drinks with demographic, socioeconomic and nutritional variables. Using data from the National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children − 2006, the eating habits were obtained using the food and drink frequency questionnaire for the seven days preceding the interview, and anthropometry recorded the weight and height of children. Among preschoolers, 37.3% consumed soft drinks and artificial juices 4 or more days per week. The factors significantly associated with frequent consumption of soft drinks were living in regions of higher economic development of the country, in urban areas, belonging to the higher income bracket, with mothers watching TV regularly and excess weight of the child, were associated with consumption of soft drinks and artificial juices 4 or more days per week. Further studies are needed to understand the effective contribution of soft drinks on the epidemic of childhood obesity.